Nearly one-third of children tested for COVID in Florida are positive. Palm Beach County’s health director warns of risk of long-term damage
By SKYLER SWISHER
SOUTH FLORIDA SUN SENTINEL |
JUL 14, 2020 AT 5:57 PM
Nearly one-in-three children tested for the new coronavirus in Florida has been positive, and a South Florida health official is concerned the disease could cause lifelong damage even for children with mild illness.
Dr. Alina Alonso, Palm Beach County’s health department director, warned county commissioners Tuesday that much is unknown about the long-term health consequences for children who catch COVID-19.
ADVERTISING Ads by Teads X-rays have revealed the virus can cause lung damage even in people without severe symptoms, she said.
“They are seeing there is damage to the lungs in these asymptomatic children. ... We don’t know how that is going to manifest a year from now or two years from now,” Alonso said. “Is that child going to have chronic pulmonary problems or not?”
Her comments stand in contrast to Gov. Ron DeSantis’ messaging that children are at low risk, and classrooms need to be reopened in the fall. DeSantis has said he would be comfortable sending his children to school if they were old enough to attend.
Some studies suggest that children are less likely to catch COVID-19 than adults. Children are also far less likely to die of the disease. About 17,000 of Florida’s roughly 287,800 cases have been people younger than 18. Of the 4,514 COVID-19 deaths reported by Florida as of Tuesday, four have been younger than 18.
Still, it’s possible COVID-19 could have long-term consequences that will take time to understand, Alonso said.
“This is not the virus you bring everybody together to make sure you catch it and get it over with,” she said. “This is something serious, and we are learning new information about this virus every day.”
State statistics also show the percentage of children testing positive is much higher than the population as a whole. Statewide, about 31% of 54,022 children tested have been positive. The state’s positivity rate for the entire population is about 11%.
Researchers have linked a serious and potentially deadly inflammatory condition with COVID-19 in children. The condition, called pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome, doesn’t appear to be widespread. The Florida Department of Health lists 13 confirmed cases of the syndrome.
Dr. Jorge Perez, co-founder of Kidz Medical Services, said it’s too early to say how common and severe long-term damage could be from COVID-19, but early evidence suggests some children infected with the virus could have lasting damage.
“We are learning something every day,” said Perez, who operates pediatric offices throughout South Florida. “We have to be knowledgeable about this and continue to monitor to see what effects it has in children.”
DeSantis told talk radio host Rush Limbaugh last week that the risk to children is “very low.”
“I’ve got a 3-year-old daughter, 2-year-old son, and a newborn daughter,” DeSantis said in the radio interview. “And I can tell you if they were school age, I would have zero concern sending them.”
Skyler Swisher can be reached at sswisher@sunsentinel.com, 561-243-6634 or @SkylerSwisher.
Subject: Contact Tracing during Coronavirus Disease Outbreak, South Korea, 2020
The role of household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 amid reopening of schools and loosening of social distancing underscores the need for a time-sensitive epidemiologic study to guide public health policy. Contact tracing is especially important in light of upcoming future SARS-CoV-2 waves, for which social distancing and personal hygiene will remain the most viable options for prevention. Understanding the role of hygiene and infection control measures is critical to reducing household spread, and the role of masking within the home, especially if any family members are at high risk, needs to be studied.
We showed that household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was high if the index patient was 10–19 years of age. In the current mitigation strategy that includes physical distancing, optimizing the likelihood of reducing individual, family, and community disease is important. Implementation of public health recommendations, including hand and respiratory hygiene, should be encouraged to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within affected households.
Volume 26, Number 10—October 2020
Dispatch
Contact Tracing during Coronavirus Disease Outbreak, South Korea, 2020
Young Joon Park1, Young June Choe1, Ok Park, Shin Young Park, Young-Man Kim, Jieun Kim, Sanghui Kweon, Yeonhee Woo, Jin Gwack, Seong Sun Kim, Jin Lee, Junghee Hyun, Boyeong Ryu, Yoon Suk Jang, Hwami Kim, Seung Hwan Shin, Seonju Yi, Sangeun Lee, Hee Kyoung Kim, Hyeyoung Lee, Yeowon Jin, Eunmi Park, Seung Woo Choi, Miyoung Kim, Jeongsuk Song, Si Won Choi, Dongwook Kim, Byoung-Hak Jeon, Hyosoon Yoo, Eun Kyeong Jeong
, and on behalf of the COVID-19 National Emergency Response Center, Epidemiology and Case Management Team
, and on behalf of the COVID-19 National Emergency Response Center, Epidemiology and Case Management Team
Author affiliations: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, South Korea (Y.J. Park, O. Park, S.Y. Park, Y.-M. Kim, J. Kim, S. Kweon, Y. Woo, J. Gwack, S.S. Kim, J. Lee, J. Hyun, B. Ryu, Y.S. Jang, H. Kim, S.H. Shin, S. Yi, S. Lee, H.K. Kim, H. Lee, Y. Jin, E. Park, S.W. Choi, M. Kim, J. Song, S.W. Choi, D. Kim, B.-H. Jeon, H. Yoo, E.K. Jeong); Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea (Y.J. Choe)
Abstract
We analyzed reports for 59,073 contacts of 5,706 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) index patients reported in South Korea during January 20–March 27, 2020. Of 10,592 household contacts, 11.8% had COVID-19. Of 48,481 nonhousehold contacts, 1.9% had COVID-19. Use of personal protective measures and social distancing reduces the likelihood of transmission.
Effective contact tracing is critical to controlling the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) (1). South Korea adopted a rigorous contact-tracing program comprising traditional shoe-leather epidemiology and new methods to track contacts by linking large databases (global positioning system, credit card transactions, and closed-circuit television). We describe a nationwide COVID-19 contact tracing program in South Korea to guide evidence-based policy to mitigate the pandemic (2).
South Korea’s public health system comprises a national-level governance (Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 17 regional governments, and 254 local public health centers. The first case of COVID-19 was identified on January 20, 2020; by May 13, a total of 10,962 cases had been reported. All reported COVID-19 patients were tested using reverse transcription PCR, and case information was sent to Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
We defined an index case as the first identified laboratory-confirmed case or the first documented case in an epidemiologic investigation within a cluster. Contacts in high-risk groups (household contacts of COVID-19 patients, healthcare personnel) were routinely tested; in non–high-risk groups, only symptomatic persons were tested. Non–high-risk asymptomatic contacts had to self-quarantine for 14 days and were placed under twice-daily active surveillance by public health workers. We defined a household contact as a person who lived in the household of a COVID-19 patient and a nonhousehold contact as a person who did not reside in the same household as a confirmed COVID-19 patient. All index patients were eligible for inclusion in this analysis if we identified >1 contact. We defined a detected case as a contact with symptom onset after that of a confirmed COVID-19 index patient.
We grouped index patients by age: 0–9, 10–19, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, and >80 years. Because we could not determine direction of transmission, we calculated the proportion of detected cases by the equation [number of detected cases/number of contacts traced] × 100, excluding the index patient; we also calculated 95% CIs. We compared the difference in detected cases between household and nonhousehold contacts across the stratified age groups.
We conducted statistical analyses using RStudio (https://rstudio.com).
We conducted this study as a legally mandated public health investigation under the authority of the Korean Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention Act (nos. 12444 and 13392).
We monitored 59,073 contacts of 5,706 COVID-19 index patients for an average of 9.9 (range 8.2–12.5) days after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection was detected (Table 1). Of 10,592 household contacts, index patients of 3,417 (32.3%) were 20–29 years of age, followed by those 50–59 (19.3%) and 40–49 (16.5%) years of age (Table 2). A total of 11.8% (95% CI 11.2%–12.4%) household contacts of index patients had COVID-19; in households with an index patient 10–19 years of age, 18.6% (95% CI 14.0%–24.0%) of contacts had COVID-19. For 48,481 nonhousehold contacts, the detection rate was 1.9% (95% CI 1.8%–2.0%) (Table 2). With index patients 30–39 years of age as reference, detection of COVID-19 contacts was significantly higher for index patients >40 years of age in nonhousehold settings. For most age groups, COVID-19 was detected in significantly more household than nonhousehold contacts (Table 2).
We detected COVID-19 in 11.8% of household contacts; rates were higher for contacts of children than adults. These risks largely reflected transmission in the middle of mitigation and therefore might characterize transmission dynamics during school closure (3). Higher household than nonhousehold detection might partly reflect transmission during social distancing, when family members largely stayed home except to perform essential tasks, possibly creating spread within the household. Clarifying the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission will help in determining control strategies at the individual and population levels. Studies have increasingly examined transmission within households. Earlier studies on the infection rate for symptomatic household contacts in the United States reported 10.5% (95% CI 2.9%–31.4%), significantly higher than for nonhousehold contacts (4). Recent reports on COVID-19 transmission have estimated higher secondary attack rates among household than nonhousehold contacts. Compiled reports from China, France, and Hong Kong estimated the secondary attack rates for close contacts to be 35% (95% CI 27%–44%) (5). The difference in attack rates for household contacts in different parts of the world may reflect variation in households and country-specific strategies on COVID-19 containment and mitigation. Given the high infection rate within families, personal protective measures should be used at home to reduce the risk for transmission (6). If feasible, cohort isolation outside of hospitals, such as in a Community Treatment Center, might be a viable option for managing household transmission (7).
We also found the highest COVID-19 rate (18.6% [95% CI 14.0%–24.0%]) for household contacts of school-aged children and the lowest (5.3% [95% CI 1.3%–13.7%]) for household contacts of children 0–9 years in the middle of school closure. Despite closure of their schools, these children might have interacted with each other, although we do not have data to support that hypothesis. A contact survey in Wuhan and Shanghai, China, showed that school closure and social distancing significantly reduced the rate of COVID-19 among contacts of school-aged children (8). In the case of seasonal influenza epidemics, the highest secondary attack rate occurs among young children (9). Children who attend day care or school also are at high risk for transmitting respiratory viruses to household members (10). The low detection rate for household contacts of preschool-aged children in South Korea might be attributable to social distancing during these periods. Yet, a recent report from Shenzhen, China, showed that the proportion of infected children increased during the outbreak from 2% to 13%, suggesting the importance of school closure (11). Further evidence, including serologic studies, is needed to evaluate the public health benefit of school closure as part of mitigation strategies.
Our observation has several limitations. First, the number of cases might have been underestimated because all asymptomatic patients might not have been identified. In addition, detected cases could have resulted from exposure outside the household. Second, given the different thresholds for testing policy between households and nonhousehold contacts, we cannot assess the true difference in transmissibility between households and nonhouseholds. Comparing symptomatic COVID-19 patients of both groups would be more accurate. Despite these limitations, the sample size was large and representative of most COVID-19 patients early during the outbreak in South Korea. Our large-scale investigation showed that pattern of transmission was similar to those of other respiratory viruses (12). Although the detection rate for contacts of preschool-aged children was lower, young children may show higher attack rates when the school closure ends, contributing to community transmission of COVID-19.
The role of household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 amid reopening of schools and loosening of social distancing underscores the need for a time-sensitive epidemiologic study to guide public health policy. Contact tracing is especially important in light of upcoming future SARS-CoV-2 waves, for which social distancing and personal hygiene will remain the most viable options for prevention. Understanding the role of hygiene and infection control measures is critical to reducing household spread, and the role of masking within the home, especially if any family members are at high risk, needs to be studied.
We showed that household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was high if the index patient was 10–19 years of age. In the current mitigation strategy that includes physical distancing, optimizing the likelihood of reducing individual, family, and community disease is important. Implementation of public health recommendations, including hand and respiratory hygiene, should be encouraged to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within affected households.
Dr. Young Joon Park is the preventive medicine physician leading the Epidemiology and Case Management Team for the COVID-19 National Emergency Response Center, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. His primary research interests include epidemiologic investigation of infectious disease outbreaks. Dr. Choe is an assistant professor at Hallym University College of Medicine. Her research focuses on infectious diseases epidemiology.
Acknowledgment
We thank the Ministry of Interior and Safety, Si/Do and Si/Gun/Gu, medical staff in health centers, and medical facilities for their efforts in responding to COVID-19 outbreak.
covid-19 and children, trump rolling the dice, playing politics with our kids lives, one child dead is too many
WE can only pray that the children get the sniffles and the covid is gone the next day, like the President hallucinated about today, but i fear long term health ramifications are very possible from covid with children, from what the science is showing to date. it may not be a tag em and bag em scenario like what we are seeing in adults, right now, and then again, who really knows now? BUT, long term, what are the long term ramifications from covid-19, and do we risk that with our children, now, with so little we know to date? tRump mandated death to the meat workers and made them, by executive order, die so we could continue to eat meat. now tRump is ready to risk our childrens lives to this covid-19 just for his re-election, are you ready to risk your children lives for his re-election?
85 children under age 2 tested positive for coronavirus in 1 Texas county, as U.S. sets new record The Nueces County health director said
85 children under age 2 have tested positive, including 52 under 1 year old. "These babies have not even had their first birthdays yet," she said...
Last Friday, Nueces County Medical Examiner Adel Shaker was shocked to learn that a baby boy, less than 6 months old, had tested positive for COVID-19 and died shortly after. The same day, Shaker had requested an additional refrigerated truck to store bodies...
we will most likely never know, trump has banned the cdc from reporting covid figures and ceased all reporting to them on covid figures, so we will now have to wait for state run media Fox News with hannity and tucker to relay those figures. I figure covid figures on death and case count to drastically improve, and covid will disappear just like that, a miracle before our 👀 eyes, with trump speaking about children this morning stating TRUMP: “Many of those cases are young people that would heal in a day. They have the sniffles and we put it down as a test.”
Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study
Published:June 25, 2020DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30287-X
Summary Background Concerns regarding potential neurological complications of COVID-19 are being increasingly reported, primarily in small series. Larger studies have been limited by both geography and specialty. Comprehensive characterisation of clinical syndromes is crucial to allow rational selection and evaluation of potential therapies. The aim of this study was to investigate the breadth of complications of COVID-19 across the UK that affected the brain. Methods During the exponential phase of the pandemic, we developed an online network of secure rapid-response case report notification portals across the spectrum of major UK neuroscience bodies, comprising the Association of British Neurologists (ABN), the British Association of Stroke Physicians (BASP), and the Royal College of Psychiatrists (RCPsych), and representing neurology, stroke, psychiatry, and intensive care. Broad clinical syndromes associated with COVID-19 were classified as a cerebrovascular event (defined as an acute ischaemic, haemorrhagic, or thrombotic vascular event involving the brain parenchyma or subarachnoid space), altered mental status (defined as an acute alteration in personality, behaviour, cognition, or consciousness), peripheral neurology (defined as involving nerve roots, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction, or muscle), or other (with free text boxes for those not meeting these syndromic presentations). Physicians were encouraged to report cases prospectively and we permitted recent cases to be notified retrospectively when assigned a confirmed date of admission or initial clinical assessment, allowing identification of cases that occurred before notification portals were available. Data collected were compared with the geographical, demographic, and temporal presentation of overall cases of COVID-19 as reported by UK Government public health bodies. Findings The ABN portal was launched on April 2, 2020, the BASP portal on April 3, 2020, and the RCPsych portal on April 21, 2020. Data lock for this report was on April 26, 2020. During this period, the platforms received notification of 153 unique cases that met the clinical case definitions by clinicians in the UK, with an exponential growth in reported cases that was similar to overall COVID-19 data from UK Government public health bodies. Median patient age was 71 years (range 23–94; IQR 58–79). Complete clinical datasets were available for 125 (82%) of 153 patients. 77 (62%) of 125 patients presented with a cerebrovascular event, of whom 57 (74%) had an ischaemic stroke, nine (12%) an intracerebral haemorrhage, and one (1%) CNS vasculitis. 39 (31%) of 125 patients presented with altered mental status, comprising nine (23%) patients with unspecified encephalopathy and seven (18%) patients with encephalitis. The remaining 23 (59%) patients with altered mental status fulfilled the clinical case definitions for psychiatric diagnoses as classified by the notifying psychiatrist or neuropsychiatrist, and 21 (92%) of these were new diagnoses. Ten (43%) of 23 patients with neuropsychiatric disorders had new-onset psychosis, six (26%) had a neurocognitive (dementia-like) syndrome, and four (17%) had an affective disorder. 18 (49%) of 37 patients with altered mental status were younger than 60 years and 19 (51%) were older than 60 years, whereas 13 (18%) of 74 patients with cerebrovascular events were younger than 60 years versus 61 (82%) patients older than 60 years. Interpretation To our knowledge, this is the first nationwide, cross-specialty surveillance study of acute neurological and psychiatric complications of COVID-19. Altered mental status was the second most common presentation, comprising encephalopathy or encephalitis and primary psychiatric diagnoses, often occurring in younger patients. This study provides valuable and timely data that are urgently needed by clinicians, researchers, and funders to inform immediate steps in COVID-19 neuroscience research and health policy.
Original Investigation
June 8, 2020
JAMA. Published online June 8, 2020. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.10369
Clinical Characteristics of 58 Children With a Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally Associated With SARS-CoV-2
Elizabeth Whittaker, MD1,2; Alasdair Bamford, MD3,4; Julia Kenny, MD5,6; et al
Key Points Question What are the clinical and laboratory characteristics of critically ill children who developed an inflammatory multisystem syndrome during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic?
Findings This case series included 58 hospitalized children, a subset of whom required intensive care, and met definitional criteria for pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (PIMS-TS), including fever, inflammation, and organ dysfunction. Of these children, all had fever and nonspecific symptoms, such as abdominal pain (31 [53%]), rash (30 [52%]), and conjunctival injection (26 [45%]); 29 (50%) developed shock and required inotropic support or fluid resuscitation; 13 (22%) met diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki disease; and 8 (14%) had coronary artery dilatation or aneurysms. Some clinical and laboratory characteristics had important differences compared with Kawasaki disease, Kawasaki disease shock syndrome, and toxic shock syndrome.
Meaning These findings help characterize the clinical features of hospitalized, seriously ill children with PIMS-TS and provide insights into this apparently novel syndrome.
Abstract Importance In communities with high rates of coronavirus disease 2019, reports have emerged of children with an unusual syndrome of fever and inflammation.
Objectives To describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of hospitalized children who met criteria for the pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (PIMS-TS) and compare these characteristics with other pediatric inflammatory disorders.
Design, Setting, and Participants Case series of 58 children from 8 hospitals in England admitted between March 23 and May 16, 2020, with persistent fever and laboratory evidence of inflammation meeting published definitions for PIMS-TS. The final date of follow-up was May 22, 2020. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were abstracted by medical record review, and were compared with clinical characteristics of patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) (n = 1132), KD shock syndrome (n = 45), and toxic shock syndrome (n = 37) who had been admitted to hospitals in Europe and the US from 2002 to 2019.
Exposures Signs and symptoms and laboratory and imaging findings of children who met definitional criteria for PIMS-TS from the UK, the US, and World Health Organization.
Main Outcomes and Measures Clinical, laboratory, and imaging characteristics of children meeting definitional criteria for PIMS-TS, and comparison with the characteristics of other pediatric inflammatory disorders.
Results Fifty-eight children (median age, 9 years [interquartile range {IQR}, 5.7-14]; 33 girls [57%]) were identified who met the criteria for PIMS-TS. Results from SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction tests were positive in 15 of 58 patients (26%) and SARS-CoV-2 IgG test results were positive in 40 of 46 (87%). In total, 45 of 58 patients (78%) had evidence of current or prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. All children presented with fever and nonspecific symptoms, including vomiting (26/58 [45%]), abdominal pain (31/58 [53%]), and diarrhea (30/58 [52%]). Rash was present in 30 of 58 (52%), and conjunctival injection in 26 of 58 (45%) cases. Laboratory evaluation was consistent with marked inflammation, for example, C-reactive protein (229 mg/L [IQR, 156-338], assessed in 58 of 58) and ferritin (610 μg/L [IQR, 359-1280], assessed in 53 of 58). Of the 58 children, 29 developed shock (with biochemical evidence of myocardial dysfunction) and required inotropic support and fluid resuscitation (including 23/29 [79%] who received mechanical ventilation); 13 met the American Heart Association definition of KD, and 23 had fever and inflammation without features of shock or KD. Eight patients (14%) developed coronary artery dilatation or aneurysm. Comparison of PIMS-TS with KD and with KD shock syndrome showed differences in clinical and laboratory features, including older age (median age, 9 years [IQR, 5.7-14] vs 2.7 years [IQR, 1.4-4.7] and 3.8 years [IQR, 0.2-18], respectively), and greater elevation of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (median, 229 mg/L [IQR 156-338] vs 67 mg/L [IQR, 40-150 mg/L] and 193 mg/L [IQR, 83-237], respectively).
Conclusions and Relevance In this case series of hospitalized children who met criteria for PIMS-TS, there was a wide spectrum of presenting signs and symptoms and disease severity, ranging from fever and inflammation to myocardial injury, shock, and development of coronary artery aneurysms. The comparison with patients with KD and KD shock syndrome provides insights into this syndrome, and suggests this disorder differs from other pediatric inflammatory entities.
Snip...
Since the first reports of an unusual inflammatory illness in children that emerged in the months following the onset of COVID-19, there have been additional reports from many countries of children with fever and inflammation, for which no cause could be identified, first in health alerts and web exchanges between professional groups, and then in case reports and small case series in rapid publications.2-4 As these cases have emerged in temporal association with the pandemic, a link with SARS-CoV-2 is likely.
COVID-19 AND CHILDREN
Published Online May 6, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(20)31094-1
Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic
South Thames Retrieval Service in London, UK, provides paediatric intensive care support and retrieval to 2 million children in South East England. During a period of 10 days in mid-April, 2020, we noted an unprecedented cluster of eight children with hyperinflammatory shock, showing features similar to atypical Kawasaki disease, Kawasaki disease shock syndrome,1 or toxic shock syndrome (typical number is one or two children per week). This case cluster formed the basis of a national alert. All children were previously fit and well. Six of the children were of AfroCaribbean descent, and five of the children were boys. All children except one were well above the 75th centile for weight. Four children had known family exposure to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Demographics, clinical findings, imaging findings, treatment, and outcome for this cluster of eight children are shown in the table.
Clinical presentations were similar, with unrelenting fever (38–40°C), variable rash, conjunctivitis, peripheral oedema, and generalised extremity pain with significant gastrointestinal symptoms. All progressed to warm, vasoplegic shock, refractory to volume resuscitation and eventually requiring noradrenaline and milrinone for haemodynamic support. Most of the children had no significant respiratory involvement, although seven of the children required mechanical ventilation for cardiovascular stabilisation. Other notable features (besides persistent fever and rash) included development of small pleural, pericardial, and ascitic effusions, suggestive of a diffuse inflammatory process.
All children tested negative for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on bronchoalveolar lavage or nasopharyngeal aspirates. Despite being critically unwell, with laboratory evidence of infection or inflammation3 including elevated concentrations of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, ferritin, triglycerides, and D-dimers, no pathological organism was identified in seven of the children. Adenovirus and enterovirus were isolated in one child.
Baseline electrocardiograms were non-specific; however, a common echocardiographic finding was echobright coronary vessels (appendix), which progressed to giant coronary aneurysm in one patient within a week of discharge from paediatric intensive care (appendix). One child developed arrhythmia with refractory shock, requiring extracorporeal life support, and died from a large cerebrovascular infarct. The myocardial involvement2 in this syndrome is evidenced by very elevated cardiac enzymes during the course of illness.
All children were given intravenous immunoglobulin (2 g/kg) in the first 24 h, and antibiotic cover including ceftriaxone and clindamycin. Subsequently, six children have been given 50 mg/kg aspirin. All of the children were discharged from PICU after 4–6 days. Since discharge, two of the children have tested positive for SARSCoV-2 (including the child who died, in whom SARS-CoV-2 was detected post mortem). All children are receiving ongoing surveillance for coronary abnormalities.
We suggest that this clinical picture represents a new phenomenon affecting previously asymptomatic children with SARS-CoV-2 infection manifesting as a hyperinflammatory syndrome with multiorgan involvement similar to Kawasaki disease shock syndrome. The multifaceted nature of the disease course underlines the need for multispecialty input (intensive care, cardiology, infectious diseases, immunology, and rheumatology).
The intention of this Correspondence is to bring this subset of children to the attention of the wider paediatric community and to optimise early recognition and management. As this Correspondence goes to press, 1 week after the initial submission, the Evelina London Children’s Hospital paediatric intensive care unit has managed more than 20 children with similar clinical presentation, the first ten of whom tested positive for antibody (including the original eight children in the cohort described above).
We declare no competing interests.
*Shelley Riphagen, Xabier Gomez, Carmen Gonzalez-Martinez, Nick Wilkinson, Paraskevi Theocharis shelley.riphagen@gstt.nhs.uk
South Thames Retrieval Service for Children, Evelina London Children’s Hospital Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, London SE1 7EH, UK (SR, XG); and Evelina London Children’s Hospital, London, UK (CG-M, NW, PT)
2 New York Boys Die Of Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome Affecting Children Amid Coronavirus Pandemic
May 8, 2020 at 11:41 pmFiled Under:Coronavirus, COVID-19, Health, Jessica Layton, Local TV, multi-symptom inflammatory syndrome, New York, Tony Aiello, Valhalla, Westchester County
VALHALLA, N.Y. (CBSNewYork) — A Westchester County boy has died after coming down with an illness affecting dozens of children in New York State.
The 7-year-old boy died late last week at Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital in Valhalla. Dr. Michael Gewitz said he suffered neurological complications from what is now called pediatric multi-system inflammatory syndrome.
Health officials said there have been 73 suspected cases of the illness statewide and investigators are doing a deep dive into the circumstances.
Gov. Andrew Cuomo shared an update Friday, announcing the death of a 5-year-old boy, who CBS2 later confirmed died at Mount Sinai Kravis Children’s Hospital.
“Right now we have a new issue that we’re looking at, which is something we’re just investigating now, but, while rare, we’re seeing some cases where children affected with the COVID virus can become ill with symptoms similar to the Kawasaki disease or Toxic Shock-like syndrome that literally causes inflammation in their blood vessels,” Cuomo said. “This past Thursday, a 5-year-old boy passed away from COVID-related complications, and the State Department of Health is investigating several other cases that presents similar circumstances.”
The hospital said in part, “We must emphasize that based on what we know thus far, it appears to be a very rare condition.”
WATCH: Gov. Cuomo Warns About New Disease Affecting Children Amid Pandemic
It’s still unclear exactly how the syndrome relates to the coronavirus.
The Westchester boy tested positive for COVID-19 antibodies, meaning he was previously infected and had recovered, CBS2’s Tony Aiello reported.
“And we know that in some of the households parents or grandparents or others were diagnosed with COVID and were actually on the record being positive, and apparently the children did not develop symptoms until two to four days before presenting to the hospital for treatment,” said Dr. Dial Hewlett of the Westchester County Department of Health.
“This is very serious. The disease can be fatal, and we want to make sure everyone in Westchester County is aware to be on the lookout for symptoms that may lead to this,” County Executive George Latimer added.
Web Extra: Health Advisory On Pediatric Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome
Seek care immediately if a child has:
Prolonged fever (more than 5 days)
Difficulty feeding (infants) or is too sick to drink fluids
Severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, or vomiting
Change in skin color – becoming pale, patchy, and/or blue Trouble breathing or is breathing very quickly
Racing heart or chest pain
Decreased amount or frequency of urine Lethargy, irritability, or confusion
“So this is every parent’s nightmare, right? That your child may actually be affected by this virus. But it’s something we have to consider seriously now,” Gov. Cuomo said.
In New Jersey, a 4-year-old child with underlying health issues has also died. It’s unclear if he was affected by the inflammatory syndrome, but there are a handful of other suspected cases in Garden State kids.
“It’s a virus that’s proving to be extremely challenging at every level,” Gov. Phil Murphy said.
Dr. Gewitz said while COVID-19 is likely to infect a large number of children, “most of whom, at least many, are totally asymptomatic. This particular complication is relatively infrequent, unusual.”
SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children
Of the 1391 children assessed and tested from January 28 through February 26, 2020, a total of 171 (12.3%) were confirmed to have SARS-CoV-2 infection. Demographic data and clinical features are summarized in Table 1. (Details of the laboratory and radiologic findings are provided in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this letter at NEJM.org.) The median age of the infected children was 6.7 years. Fever was present in 41.5% of the children at any time during the illness. Other common signs and symptoms included cough and pharyngeal erythema. A total of 27 patients (15.8%) did not have any symptoms of infection or radiologic features of pneumonia. A total of 12 patients had radiologic features of pneumonia but did not have any symptoms of infection. During the course of hospitalization, 3 patients required intensive care support and invasive mechanical ventilation; all had coexisting conditions (hydronephrosis, leukemia [for which the patient was receiving maintenance chemotherapy], and intussusception). Lymphopenia (lymphocyte count, <1 .2="" 10-month-old="" 149="" 2020="" 21="" 4="" 6="" 8="" a="" admission.="" after="" and="" as="" been="" bilateral="" child="" common="" condition="" death.="" died="" discharged="" div="" failure="" finding="" from="" general="" ground-glass="" had="" have="" hospital.="" in="" intussusception="" liter="" march="" most="" multiorgan="" of="" one="" opacity="" patients="" per="" present="" radiologic="" stable="" the="" there="" total="" wards="" was="" weeks="" were="" with="">
This report describes a spectrum of illness from SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. In contrast with infected adults, most infected children appear to have a milder clinical course. Asymptomatic infections were not uncommon.2 Determination of the transmission potential of these asymptomatic patients is important for guiding the development of measures to control the ongoing pandemic.
Two COVID-19 infected children, aged 12 and 13, die in Belgium and UK
By Alasdair Sandford with AFP, AP • last updated: 01/04/2020
A health worker in the intensive care ward observes a COVID-19 patient at a hospital in Belgium, March 27, 2020. (AP Photo/Francisco Seco, File)
A 12-year-old girl in Belgium and a 13-year old boy in the UK infected with the novel coronavirus have died, authorities said.
They are believed to be the youngest victims of the disease in their respective countries.
The 12-year-old girl's death was announced during the daily news conference given by Belgium's health service, at the end of its regular update on casualty figures and hospitalisations.
“It's an emotionally difficult moment because it involves a child, and it has also upset the medical and scientific community,” said spokesman Dr Emmanuel André, visibly upset.
"We are thinking of her family and friends. It's a very rare event, but one which devastates us."
Another spokesman added that the child had had a fever for three days and had tested positive for the coronavirus. No other details were given of the girl's background.
Until now the youngest person to die from the virus in Belgium was a 30-year-old female nurse, according to Belgian media.
Just a few hours later, London's King's College Hospital announced that a 13-year-old COVID-19 patient had also died.
"Sadly, a 13-year old boy who tested positive for COVID-19 has passed away, and our thoughts and condolences are with the family at this time," a Trust spokesperson said in a statement.
"The death has been referred to the Coroner," it added.
An appeal posted on the GoFunMe crowdfunding platform by Madinah College, named him as Ismail and said that he didn't have "any pre-existing health conditions.
"Sadly he died without any family members close by due to the highly infectious nature of COVID-19," it added.
Ismail is believed the be the youngest victim of the disease in the UK.
Last week French authorities said a 16-year-old girl had died at a children's hospital in Paris. The death of the teenager, identified as Julie A. and described as otherwise healthy, has provoked strong emotions in France.
Coronavirus in France: healthy 16 year-old dies of COVID-19
Deaths from COVID-19 among people so young are exceptional. Health authorities have said previously that serious cases of the illness -- although predominant in older and more vulnerable age groups -- can occur in adults of any age.
Last weekend the US state of Illinois announced the death of an infant under one year old who had tested positive for coronavirus. The cause of death was being investigated. Medical reports on cases in China have documented the death of a 10-month-old baby and a 14-year-old boy.
A recent US study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of 2,500 patients found no cases of deaths among people aged under 19. But it did find that people of all ages were liable to become seriously ill: more than a third of those hospitalised were aged between 20 and 54.
Coronavirus in Europe: Latest numbers on COVID-19 cases and deaths
The Belgian girl's death was included among the latest national figures released on Tuesday, confirming nearly 200 more deaths since the previous update. More than 700 people in the country have died from coronavirus since the outbreak began.
Hospitals in three regions have been particularly badly affected, the authorities say -- around Brussels, in Limburg in eastern Flanders, and in Hainaut in Wallonia to the west.
With 12,775 confirmed COVID-19 cases as of Tuesday, Belgium has the 10th highest number of infections among countries worldwide, according to data compiled by the US Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center.
COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study
Florian Götzinger, MD * Begoña Santiago-García, PhD * Prof Antoni Noguera-Julián, PhD Miguel Lanaspa, PhD Laura Lancella, PhD Francesca I Calò Carducci, PhD et al.
Published:June 25, 2020DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30177-2
Summary
Background
To date, few data on paediatric COVID-19 have been published, and most reports originate from China. This study aimed to capture key data on children and adolescents with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection across Europe to inform physicians and health-care service planning during the ongoing pandemic.
Methods
This multicentre cohort study involved 82 participating health-care institutions across 25 European countries, using a well established research network—the Paediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (ptbnet)—that mainly comprises paediatric infectious diseases specialists and paediatric pulmonologists. We included all individuals aged 18 years or younger with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, detected at any anatomical site by RT-PCR, between April 1 and April 24, 2020, during the initial peak of the European COVID-19 pandemic. We explored factors associated with need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission and initiation of drug treatment for COVID-19 using univariable analysis, and applied multivariable logistic regression with backwards stepwise analysis to further explore those factors significantly associated with ICU admission.
Findings
582 individuals with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included, with a median age of 5·0 years (IQR 0·5–12·0) and a sex ratio of 1·15 males per female. 145 (25%) had pre-existing medical conditions. 363 (62%) individuals were admitted to hospital. 48 (8%) individuals required ICU admission, 25 (4%) mechanical ventilation (median duration 7 days, IQR 2–11, range 1–34), 19 (3%) inotropic support, and one (<1 0="" 1="" 25="" 578="" 5="" 95="" activity="" admission="" alive="" anakinra="" analyses="" and="" antiviral="" at="" being="" by="" case-fatality="" children="" ci="" conditions="" corticosteroids="" died="" div="" drug="" end="" extracorporeal="" factors="" followed="" for="" four="" frequently="" hydroxychloroquine="" icu="" immunoglobulin="" immunomodulatory="" in="" included="" infection="" intravenous="" lopinavir="" lower="" male="" medical="" medication="" membrane="" month="" most="" multivariable="" odds="" of="" one="" only="" or="" oseltamivir="" oxygenation.="" p="" patient="" patients="" pre-existing="" presence="" presentation="" rate="" ratio="" remaining="" remdesivir="" requiring="" respiratory="" risk="" ritonavir="" seven="" sex="" significant="" signs="" siltuximab="" six="" still="" study="" support.="" symptomatic="" symptoms="" than="" the="" three="" tocilizumab="" tract="" used="" was="" were="" with="" younger="">
Interpretation
COVID-19 is generally a mild disease in children, including infants. However, a small proportion develop severe disease requiring ICU admission and prolonged ventilation, although fatal outcome is overall rare. The data also reflect the current uncertainties regarding specific treatment options, highlighting that additional data on antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs are urgently needed.
Funding
ptbnet is supported by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit.
snip...
Discussion
To our knowledge, this is the first multinational, multicentre study on paediatric COVID-19, and also the largest clinical study in children outside of China to date. The inclusion of such a substantial number of cases was made possible by involving a large number of specialist centres across Europe via a well established collaborative paediatric tuberculosis research network, allowing this study to provide one of the most detailed accounts of COVID-19 in children and adolescents published to date.
It is important to highlight that this study has primarily captured data from children and adolescents who were seen or managed within the hospital setting, and that the majority of participating units were part of tertiary or quaternary health-care institutions. Consequently, the study population is likely to primarily represent individuals at the more severe end of the disease spectrum. Notably, a recent letter summarising 171 PCR-confirmed cases in Wuhan suggests that close to 20% of children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2 infection are asymptomatic.10 At the time our study was conducted, testing capacity for SARS-CoV-2 in many European countries was lower than clinical demand, and therefore many children with symptoms consistent with COVID-19 in the community were not tested and consequently not diagnosed. Nevertheless, our data indicate that children and adolescents are overall less severely affected by COVID-19 than adults, particularly older patients. Previous, large-scale data suggest that the CFR in adults older than 70 years is close to 10%,6 potentially due to immunosenescence.21 It is reassuring that our data show that severe COVID-19 is uncommon in young children, including infants, despite their immune maturation being incomplete,22, 23 with only few requiring mechanical ventilation. It was striking that all children who died in our cohort were older than 10 years.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported 2572 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in individuals younger than 18 years in the USA as of April 2, 2020, representing only 1·7% of the total number of recorded cases (n=149 760).14 The Australian Health Protection Agency has reported that children accounted for only 4% of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Australia.24 Unfortunately, in the CDC report, clinical data were only available in a small proportion of patients (n=291; 11%). In concordance with our observations, fever and cough were the predominant clinical features at presentation (present in 56% and 54% of individuals, respectively), with similar rates observed in a study from Italy.25 In our cohort almost a quarter of patients had gastrointestinal symptoms, some of whom had no respiratory symptoms, and a substantial proportion of children were entirely asymptomatic. The CDC report also mentions three deaths,14 but it is unclear how many patients were still hospitalised by the time of publication, so it is difficult to come to firm conclusions regarding the CFR in US children. Our data indicate that the CFR in children and adolescents across Europe is less than 1%. Considering that many children with mild disease will never have been brought to medical attention, and therefore not diagnosed, it is highly probable that the true CFR is substantially lower than the figure of 0·69% observed in our cohort. This hypothesis is further supported by an epidemiological study from China, in which the CFR in individuals aged 19 years or younger was only 0·1% (one death in 965 confirmed cases).6 Furthermore, our data indicate that sequelae related to COVID-19 are likely to be rare in children and adolescents. However, after the closure of our study, reports of a hyperinflammatory syndrome affecting children that is temporally, and potentially causally, associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection have emerged, which has subsequently been named paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS; sometimes known as MIC-S).26, 27 Further research will be required to characterise this emerging disease entity in detail, and determine the long-term outcome of affected children.
Importantly, our data show that severe COVID-19 can occur both in young children and in adolescents, and that a significant proportion of those patients require ICU support, frequently including mechanical ventilation. A small study from Madrid also found that four (10%) of 41 children with SARS-CoV-2 infection required admission to ICU.28 In our cohort, being younger than 1 month, male sex, presence of lower respiratory tract infection signs or symptoms at presentation, and presence of a pre-existing medical condition were associated with increased likelihood of requiring ICU admission. Our results also show that the majority of children who are intubated due to respiratory failure require prolonged ventilation, often for 1 week or more. This contrasts with observations in children with RSV infection who, on average, only require mechanical ventilation for 5–7 days,29 but is not dissimilar to observations in children with influenza.30 This has important implications for service planning, as although the overall demand for ICU support might be lower in children than in adults, each patient is likely to occupy ICU space for an extended period of time. At this time of intense strain on health-care services worldwide, it is vital that adequate resources are allocated to paediatric services to sustain the provision of high-quality care for children.
The observation that, in our study, individuals with viral co-infection (ie, infected with SARS-CoV-2 and one or more other viral agents) were more likely to require ICU support than those in whom SARS-CoV-2 was the only viral agent identified might have implications for the winter period 2020–21, when the incidence of other viral respiratory tract infections, including RSV and influenza virus infections, is bound to increase. This could result in a greater proportion of paediatric patients with COVID-19 requiring ICU support than in the cohort described here, as the influenza season 2019–20 was already over in Europe before the study commenced.
Our data also reflect the uncertainties regarding drug treatment options for COVID-19. In some countries, including Spain and Italy, national guidelines were encouraging the use of hydroxychloroquine for selected cases, as reflected in our data, while in other countries, recommendations were more guarded regarding the use of antiviral agents in the absence of robust human data. An expert consensus statement from the USA has emphasised that antiviral treatment should be reserved for patients at the severe end of the disease spectrum, ideally within a clinical trial.31 Overall, the expert panel appeared to favour the use of remdesivir over other agents, based on the currently available data from in-vitro and animal studies, including in non-human primates, and recent data from compassionate use in humans.32, 33 The panel members' opinion was split regarding the use of lopinavir–ritonavir, given the disappointing results of a recently published randomised controlled trial. 34
The main limitation of this study relates to the number of variables for which data were collected. In the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, to ensure high levels of participation and avoid diverting substantial time away from clinical front-line duties, a decision was made not to collect detailed data on laboratory parameters or ICU interventions. A further limitation was that a variety of in-house and commercial PCR assays were used across different participating centres, precluding an assessment of diagnostic test performance. Also, the number of children receiving antiviral or immunomodulatory treatment was too small to draw meaningful conclusions regarding their effectiveness, which will be addressed by the aforementioned randomised trials. A further limitation is that different countries were using different thresholds to screen for SARS-CoV-2 at the time the study was done, with some recommending screening of all children admitted to hospital or conducting community screening, whereas others were using more selective testing strategies. Despite those limitations, to our knowledge, this study provides the most comprehensive overview on COVID-19 in children and adolescents to date.
In conclusion, our data, originating from a large number of specialist centres across Europe, show that COVID-19 is usually a mild disease in children, including infants. Nevertheless, a small proportion of children and adolescents develop severe disease and require ICU support, frequently needing prolonged ventilatory support. However, fatal outcome is rare overall. Our data also reflect the current uncertainties regarding specific treatment options, highlighting that more robust data on antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs are urgently needed.
Contributors
February 24, 2020
Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China
Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Zunyou Wu, MD, PhD1; Jennifer M. McGoogan, PhD1
Author Affiliations Article Information
JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239-1242. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648
Most case patients were 30 to 79 years of age (87%), 1% were aged 9 years or younger, 1% were aged 10 to 19 years, and 3% were age 80 years or older. Most cases were diagnosed in Hubei Province (75%) and most reported Wuhan-related exposures (86%; ie, Wuhan resident or visitor or close contact with Wuhan resident or visitor). Most cases were classified as mild (81%; ie, nonpneumonia and mild pneumonia). However, 14% were severe (ie, dyspnea, respiratory frequency ≥30/min, blood oxygen saturation ≤93%, partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio <300 and="" infiltrates="" lung="" or="">50% within 24 to 48 hours), and 5% were critical (ie, respiratory failure, septic shock, and/or multiple organ dysfunction or failure) (Box).1
The overall case-fatality rate (CFR) was 2.3% (1023 deaths among 44 672 confirmed cases). No deaths occurred in the group aged 9 years and younger, but cases in those aged 70 to 79 years had an 8.0% CFR and cases in those aged 80 years and older had a 14.8% CFR. No deaths were reported among mild and severe cases. The CFR was 49.0% among critical cases. CFR was elevated among those with preexisting comorbid conditions—10.5% for cardiovascular disease, 7.3% for diabetes, 6.3% for chronic respiratory disease, 6.0% for hypertension, and 5.6% for cancer. Among the 44 672 cases, a total of 1716 were health workers (3.8%), 1080 of whom were in Wuhan (63%). Overall, 14.8% of confirmed cases among health workers were classified as severe or critical and 5 deaths were observed.1
COVID-19 rapidly spread from a single city to the entire country in just 30 days. The sheer speed of both the geographical expansion and the sudden increase in numbers of cases surprised and quickly overwhelmed health and public health services in China, particularly in Wuhan City and Hubei Province. Epidemic curves reflect what may be a mixed outbreak pattern, with early cases suggestive of a continuous common source, potentially zoonotic spillover at Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, and later cases suggestive of a propagated source as the virus began to be transmitted from person to person (Figure 1).1
SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children
TO THE EDITOR:
As of March 10, 2020, the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has been responsible for more than 110,000 infections and 4000 deaths worldwide, but data regarding the epidemiologic characteristics and clinical features of infected children are limited.1-3 A recent review of 72,314 cases by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention showed that less than 1% of the cases were in children younger than 10 years of age.2 In order to determine the spectrum of disease in children, we evaluated children infected with SARS-CoV-2 and treated at the Wuhan Children’s Hospital, the only center assigned by the central government for treating infected children under 16 years of age in Wuhan. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic children with known contact with persons having confirmed or suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection were evaluated. Nasopharyngeal or throat swabs were obtained for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by established methods.4 The clinical outcomes were monitored up to March 8, 2020.
Of the 1391 children assessed and tested from January 28 through February 26, 2020, a total of 171 (12.3%) were confirmed to have SARS-CoV-2 infection. Demographic data and clinical features are summarized in Table 1. (Details of the laboratory and radiologic findings are provided in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this letter at NEJM.org.) The median age of the infected children was 6.7 years. Fever was present in 41.5% of the children at any time during the illness. Other common signs and symptoms included cough and pharyngeal erythema. A total of 27 patients (15.8%) did not have any symptoms of infection or radiologic features of pneumonia. A total of 12 patients had radiologic features of pneumonia but did not have any symptoms of infection. During the course of hospitalization, 3 patients required intensive care support and invasive mechanical ventilation; all had coexisting conditions (hydronephrosis, leukemia [for which the patient was receiving maintenance chemotherapy], and intussusception). Lymphopenia (lymphocyte count, <1 .2="" 10-month-old="" 149="" 2020="" 21="" 4="" 6="" 8="" a="" admission.="" after="" and="" as="" been="" bilateral="" child="" common="" condition="" death.="" died="" discharged="" div="" failure="" finding="" from="" general="" ground-glass="" had="" have="" hospital.="" in="" intussusception="" liter="" march="" most="" multiorgan="" of="" one="" opacity="" patients="" per="" present="" radiologic="" stable="" the="" there="" total="" wards="" was="" weeks="" were="" with="">
This report describes a spectrum of illness from SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. In contrast with infected adults, most infected children appear to have a milder clinical course. Asymptomatic infections were not uncommon.2 Determination of the transmission potential of these asymptomatic patients is important for guiding the development of measures to control the ongoing pandemic.
Table 1.
Table 1. Epidemiologic Characteristics, Clinical Features, and Radiologic Findings of 171 Children with SARS-CoV-2 Infection.*
Characteristic Value
Age
Median (range) 6.7 yr (1 day–15 yr)
Distribution — no. (%)
<1 31="" div="" yr="">
1–5 yr 40 (23.4)
6–10 yr 58 (33.9)
11–15 yr 42 (24.6)
Sex — no. (%)
Male 104 (60.8)
Female 67 (39.2)
Diagnosis — no. (%)
Asymptomatic infection 27 (15.8)
Upper respiratory tract infection 33 (19.3)
Pneumonia 111 (64.9)
Exposure or contact information — no. (%)
Family cluster 154 (90.1)
Confirmed family members 131 (76.6)
Suspected family members 23 (13.5)
Unidentified source of infection 15 (8.8)
Contact with other suspected case 2 (1.2)
Signs and symptoms
Cough — no. (%) 83 (48.5)
Pharyngeal erythema — no. (%) 79 (46.2)
Fever — no. (%) 71 (41.5)
Median duration of fever (range) — days 3 (1–16)
Highest temperature during hospitalization — no. (%)
<37 .5="" 100="" div="">
37.5–38.0°C 16 (9.4)
38.1–39.0°C 39 (22.8)
>39.0°C 16 (9.4)
Diarrhea — no. (%) 15 (8.8)
Fatigue — no. (%) 13 (7.6)
Rhinorrhea — no. (%) 13 (7.6)
Vomiting — no. (%) 11 (6.4)
Nasal congestion — no. (%) 9 (5.3)
Tachypnea on admission — no. (%)† 49 (28.7)
Tachycardia on admission — no. (%)‡ 72 (42.1)
Oxygen saturation <92 4="" div="" during="" hospitalization="" no.="" of="" period="">
Abnormalities on computed tomography of the chest — no. (%)
Ground-glass opacity 56 (32.7)
Local patchy shadowing 32 (18.7)
Bilateral patchy shadowing 21 (12.3)
Interstitial abnormalities 2 (1.2)
* Percentages may not total 100 because of rounding.
† The normal ranges of respiratory rate (in breaths per minute) were as follows: 40 to 60 for newborns, 30 to 40 for children younger than 1 year of age, 25 to 30 for those 1 to 3 years of age, 20 to 25 for those 4 to 7 years of age, 18 to 20 for those 8 to 14 years of age, and 12 to 20 for those older than 14 years of age. Tachypnea refers to a respiratory rate higher than the upper limit of the normal range according to age.
‡ The normal ranges of pulse rate (in beats per minute) were as follows: 120 to 140 for newborns, 110 to 130 for children younger than 1 year of age, 100 to 120 for those 1 to 3 years of age, 80 to 100 for those 4 to 7 years of age, 70 to 90 for those 8 to 14 years of age, and 60 to 70 for those older than 14 years of age. Tachycardia refers to a pulse rate higher than the upper limit of the normal range according to age.
Xiaoxia Lu, M.D. Liqiong Zhang, M.D. Hui Du, M.D. Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Wuhan, China
Jingjing Zhang, Ph.D. Yuan Y. Li, Ph.D. Jingyu Qu, Ph.D. Wenxin Zhang, Ph.D. Youjie Wang, Ph.D. Shuangshuang Bao, Ph.D. Ying Li, Ph.D. Chuansha Wu, Ph.D. Hongxiu Liu, Ph.D. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Di Liu, Ph.D. Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, China
Jianbo Shao, M.D. Xuehua Peng, M.D. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Yonghong Yang, M.D. Beijing Children’s Hospital, Beijing, China
Zhisheng Liu, M.D. Yun Xiang, M.D. Furong Zhang, M.D. Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Wuhan, China
Rona M. Silva, Ph.D. Kent E. Pinkerton, Ph.D. University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
Kunling Shen, M.D. Chinese National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
Han Xiao, Ph.D. Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan, China
Shunqing Xu, M.D., Ph.D. Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Wuhan, China xust@hust.edu.cn
Gary W.K. Wong, M.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China wingkinwong@cuhk.edu.hk
for the Chinese Pediatric Novel Coronavirus Study Team
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this letter at NEJM.org.
This letter was published on March 18, 2020, at NEJM.org.
Drs. Lu, J. Zhang, Y.Y. Li, and D. Liu and Drs. Shen, Xu, and Wong contributed equally to this letter.
TUESDAY, JUNE 30, 2020
TRUMP COVID VIRUS 2020
tRump owns this covid virus now...
WEDNESDAY, JULY 8, 2020
Update COVID19 Among Workers in Meat and Poultry Processing Facilities United States, April, May 2020 Early Release July 7, 2020
MONDAY, JULY 6, 2020
It is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of COVID-19
SUNDAY, MAY 17, 2020
CORONAVIRUS IN TEXAS, More than 700 new cases of coronavirus meatpacking plants Amarillo region, 11 county deaths connected to Long Term Care Facility at Texas City
We’re going to win so much, you’re going to be so sick and tired of winning, you’re going to come to me and go ‘Please, please, we can’t win anymore.’ You’ve heard this one. You’ll say ‘Please, Mr. President, we beg you sir, we don’t want to win anymore. It’s too much. It’s not fair to everybody else.’” Trump said.
Trump gop maga, “get back to work now” like leading sheep to slaughter...tss
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 29, 2020
President Donald J. Trump signed an Executive Order to keep meat and poultry processing facilities open during the COVID-19 national emergency
SATURDAY, APRIL 18, 2020
Coronavirus at Smithfield pork plant: The untold story of America's biggest outbreak
REPORT
Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS–coronavirus 2
View ORCID ProfileJianzhong Shi1,*, View ORCID ProfileZhiyuan Wen1,*, View ORCID ProfileGongxun Zhong1,*, View ORCID ProfileHuanliang Yang1,*, View ORCID ProfileChong Wang1,*, View ORCID ProfileBaoying Huang2,*, Renqiang Liu1, Xijun He3, Lei Shuai1, Ziruo Sun1, Yubo Zhao1, View ORCID ProfilePeipei Liu2, Libin Liang1, Pengfei Cui1, Jinliang Wang1, View ORCID ProfileXianfeng Zhang3, Yuntao Guan3, View ORCID ProfileWenjie Tan2, View ORCID ProfileGuizhen Wu2,†, View ORCID ProfileHualan Chen1,†, View ORCID ProfileZhigao Bu1,3,† See all authors and affiliations
Science 29 May 2020: Vol. 368, Issue 6494, pp. 1016-1020 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb7015 Article Figures & Data Info & Metrics eLetters PDF Alternative hosts and model animals The severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic may have originated in bats, but how it made its way into humans is unknown. Because of its zoonotic origins, SARS-CoV-2 is unlikely to exclusively infect humans, so it would be valuable to have an animal model for drug and vaccine development. Shi et al. tested ferrets, as well as livestock and companion animals of humans, for their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 (see the Perspective by Lakdawala and Menachery). The authors found that SARS-CoV-2 infects the upper respiratory tracts of ferrets but is poorly transmissible between individuals. In cats, the virus replicated in the nose and throat and caused inflammatory pathology deeper in the respiratory tract, and airborne transmission did occur between pairs of cats. Dogs appeared not to support viral replication well and had low susceptibility to the virus, and pigs, chickens, and ducks were not susceptible to SARS-CoV-2.
Science, this issue p. 1016; see also p. 942
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the infectious disease COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), which was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Despite extensive efforts to control the disease, COVID-19 has now spread to more than 100 countries and caused a global pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is thought to have originated in bats; however, the intermediate animal sources of the virus are unknown. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility of ferrets and animals in close contact with humans to SARS-CoV-2. We found that SARS-CoV-2 replicates poorly in dogs, pigs, chickens, and ducks, but ferrets and cats are permissive to infection. Additionally, cats are susceptible to airborne transmission. Our study provides insights into the animal models for SARS-CoV-2 and animal management for COVID-19 control.
snip...
In summary, we found that ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2; dogs have low susceptibility; and pigs, chickens, and ducks are not susceptible to the virus. Unlike influenza viruses and the other SARS-coronavirus known to infect humans (SARS-CoV-1), which replicate in both the upper and lower respiratory tract of ferrets (20, 22–24, 26, 27), SARS-CoV-2 replicates only in the nasal turbinate, soft palate, and tonsils of ferrets. SARS-CoV-2 may also replicate in the digestive tract, as viral RNA was detected in the rectal swabs of the virus-infected ferrets, but virus was not detected in lung lobes, even after the ferrets were intratracheally inoculated with the virus. It remains unclear whether the virus causes more severe disease in male ferrets than in female ferrets, as has been observed among humans (13, 28).
Several studies have reported that SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its receptor to enter cells (3, 29–31). ACE2 is mainly expressed in type II pneumocytes and serous epithelial cells of tracheo-bronchial submucosal glands in ferrets (25). Ferrets and cats differ by only two amino acids in the SARS-CoV-2 spike-contacting regions of ACE2 (table S1); therefore, the underlying mechanism that prevents the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in the lower respiratory tract of ferrets remains to be investigated. The fact that SARS-CoV-2 replicates efficiently in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets makes them a candidate animal model for evaluating the efficacy of antiviral drugs or vaccines against COVID-19.
The cats we used in this study were outbred and were susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, which replicated efficiently and was transmissible to naïve cats. Cats in Wuhan have been reported to be seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 (32). Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in cats should be considered as an adjunct to elimination of COVID-19 in humans.
TUESDAY, JUNE 2, 2020
USDA APHIS Confirmation of COVID-19 in Pet Dog in New York
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 22, 2020
APHIS Confirmation of COVID-19 in Two Pet Cats in New York
WEDNESDAY, JULY 8, 2020
Texas TAHC Household Dog Confirmed with Virus That Causes COVID-19
FRIDAY, JULY 17, 2020
Spain to cull nearly 100,000 mink after coronavirus outbreak at farm 86.67% of the samples positive
